A tutor. A host family. A partner. A friend who refused to switch to English.
We’ve known for a century that this is what works. Not apps, not flashcards, not grammar tables — those are the warm-up. The thing that makes people fluent is consistent, forgiving conversation with someone who knows where you are and what you need next.
And it has always been the one thing most people couldn’t get. A good tutor costs forty to a hundred dollars an hour. Multiply that by the hundreds of hours fluency actually takes, and you’ve priced out almost everyone who ever wanted it. The method that works was locked behind a door marked for the affluent, the lucky, and the people who happened to be born somewhere useful.